XBRL-based Digital Financial Reporting

The Zachman Framework is a comprehensive and structured tool and approach to thinking about and defining an enterprise. The framework provides a two-dimensional classification schema that intersects two classifications which forms a six rows by six columns matrix: (1) the primitive interrogatives (what, how, when, who, where, and why) in the columns and the concept of reification (transformation of an abstract idea into an instantiation) in the rows and (2) represent the different enterprise stakeholders and their perspective.  Here is that fundamental matrix: The Zachman Framework is widely used to provide structure for enterprise modeling. But the Zachman  Framework has its critics and limitations. But despite these limitations and criticisms, the Zachman Framework remains a significant tool for organizing and analyzing enterprise architecture, providing a holistic view of the environment and facilitating communication between different perspectives. Additional Information:...

As I have previously mentioned, a financial report is a knowledge graph .  But it turns out, a financial report is not just a knowledge graph...it is a special type of knowledge graph referred to as a holon .  Kurt Cagle has been posting some exceptional information about holons . If you are an accountant you may want to keep an I on this. Effectively, a holon is something that is simultaneously a whole in and of itself, as well as a part of a larger whole. Read this post to understand more .  As Kurt Cable point out, a holon is not just one knowledge graph, it is four graphs. Kurt explains these four graphs in general terms; I want to explain these four graph in more specific terms as they relate to the financial statement. This explanation is based on Kurt Cagle's article,  What Is a Holon? Part 1: The Graph as State Machine , as specifically applied to general purpose financial statements. The Scene Graph (i.e. interior state) The "scene graph" (a.k.a. interior st...

A general purpose (or special purpose)  financial statement is a well-formed formal semantic structure.  That formal semantic structure can be explained.  A conceptualization can be created which explains that formal semantic structure. Further, a representation in software (i.e. implementation ) can be created per that conceptualization. (See the Triangle of Meaning for more information.) To be clear; by general purpose financial statement I mean the complete set of primary financial statements, the policies, the disclosure notes, and any supplementary information included. The general purpose financial statement might be compiled, reviewed, or audited. I have used TurboTax as an example of how something like a financial statement creation tool could be implemented in software.  These papers explain how this is done via TurboTax: Tax Knowledge Graph for a Smarter and More Personalized TurboTax Tax Knowledge Adventure: Ontologies that Analyze Corporate Tax Transac...

This blog post is a response to a LinkedIn post by Paul Wilkinson effectively calling for a literacy project . The literacy project relates to the notion of " XBRL for all " or "AI-powered personal finance reporting using XBRL — the same structured reporting language used by Fortune 500 companies, scaled for every individual." I agree with both things Paul is saying.  I agree that  personal finance can benefit from the same things Fortune 500 companies can benefit from.  And I also agree that what is needed to make that a reality is a literacy project, as opposed to a technology project. What is going on in the world seems to be misunderstood by many, if not most, people. Two key aspects of what is going on is the move to "digital" and harnessing the power of  "artificial intelligence". Very specifically, "digital" and "artificial intelligence" as applied to the following as stated by Paul: "Today, GAAP and IFRS are lang...

This blog post introduces you to what I am referring to as a global open industry standard Digital Closing Book .   Here is my working proof of concept digital closing book  that I will be referring to in this blog post. To understand what a digital closing book is; it is helpful to first understand the problem that I am trying to solve. The consultancy Gartner estimates that currently the typical Fortune 1000 company used more than 800 electronic spreadsheets to prepare its financial statements for regulatory reporting. The current approach becomes increasingly problematic when you know that a 2024 multi‑university study found that 94% of spreadsheets used in business decision‑making contain errors , many of them critical. This is only one of many, many studies that point out spreadsheet error pervasiveness in operational environments. The third thing to understand is that electronic spreadsheets are effectively documents and LLMs have a really hard time understan...

I used to think of knowledge representation approaches as a spectrum.  Now, I look at them as a pipeline . In her article, Systems for Organizing , Jessica Talisman refers to these sorts of systems as knowledge organization systems (KOS). When you are talking about artificial intelligence, it is very important that you understand two key details and distinguish between (a) the type of artificial intelligence you are talking about and (b) the problem that you are trying to solve.  The point here is that not all artificial intelligence is the same and not all problems are the same.  If you do not understand this, I highly recommend that you read Jessica Talisman's article (i.e. System for Organizing ). As Talisman points out in her article; metadata, taxonomy, thesaurus, schema, ontology, and knowledge graph work together as she describes: " Metadata establishes identity, taxonomy imposes hierarchy, the thesaurus maps equivalence and association, the schema enforces s...